Publications

The following is a list of publications by Thomas W Elmer II, in reverse order by date. Unless otherwise credited, figures shown are created by myself.

Patents

Interferometric Millimeter Wave and THz Wave Doppler Radar

2015 Patent, THz

• Patent number: US 9,103,904
• Granted: 2015-08-11
  • *mumble* They got my name wrong on the application but at least they fixed it on the final version.
• Abstract
  • A mixerless high frequency interferometric Doppler radar system and methods has been invented, numerically validated and experimentally tested. A continuous wave source, phase modulator (e.g., a continuously oscillating reference mirror) and intensity detector are utilized. The intensity detector measures the intensity of the combined reflected Doppler signal and the modulated reference beam. Rigorous mathematics formulas have been developed to extract bot amplitude and phase from the measured intensity signal. Software in Matlab has been developed and used to extract such amplitude and phase information from the experimental data. Both amplitude and phase are calculated and the Doppler frequency signature of the object is determined.

Compressive Passive Millimeter Wave Imager

2015 Patent, CPMMWI

• Patent number: US 8,941,061
• Granted: 2015-01-27
• Abstract
  • A compressive scanning approach for millimeter wave imaging and sensing. A Hadamard mask is positioned to receive millimeter waves from an object to be imaged. A subset of the full set of Hadamard acquisitions is sampled. The subset is used to reconstruct an image representing the object.

Millimeter Wave Sensor for Far-Field Standoff Vibrometry

2014 Patent

• Patent number: US 8,686,362
• Granted: 2014-04-01
• Abstract
  • A millimeter wavelength (MMW) measurement system for remote detection of object characteristics and methods for detecting such characteristics. The MMW measurement system comprises a front-end and an optional signal conditioning component. The MMW front-end includes an oscillator, a transceiver portion, and an antenna for focusing a detection component comprising micrometer level wavelength electromagnetic radiation onto the object. A portion of the electromagnetic radiation reflected by the object is received by the MMW measurement system, which is indicative of a displacement of the object. The MMW system may be configured to detect micrometer level displacement of the object disposed tens of meters from the MMW measurement system. In various embodiments the object may be a natural object, including a human, and the displacement may be indicative of a heart rate and/or a respiratory function.

Passive Millimeter Wave Spectrometer for Remote Detection of Chemical Plumes [methods]

2011 Patent

• Patent number: US 7,888,645
• Granted: 2011-02-15
• Abstract
  • Systems and methods for the passive measurement of spectral lines from the absorption or emission by polar molecules. The system includes mmW front-end assembly, back-end electronics, and data acquisition hardware and software was assembled. The method relates to methods for processing multi-channel radiometric data from passive mmW detection systems.

Passive Millimeter Wave Spectrometer for Remote Detection of Chemical Plumes [apparatus]

2009 Patent

• Patent number: US 7,495,218
• Granted: 2009-02-24
• Abstract
  • Systems and methods for the passive measurement of spectral lines from the absorption or emission by polar molecules. The system includes mmW front-end assembly, back-end electronics, and data acquisition hardware and software was assembled. The method relates to methods for processing multi-channel radiometric data from passive mmW detection systems.

Journal Articles

A Novel Interferometric Sub-THz Doppler Radar with a Continuously Oscillating Reference Arm

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• THz Science and Technology, IEEE Transactions on
• Authors: Shaolin Liao; Gopalsami, N. ; Bakhtiari, S. ; Elmer, T.W. ; Koehl, E.R. ; Raptis, A.C.
• Published in: IEEE Transactions on Terahertz Science and Technology
  • Vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 307-313, May 2014
  • DOI: 10.1109/TTHZ.2014.2307165
• Abstract
  • In this paper, we have built and tested a mixerless sub-terahertz (sub-THz) Doppler radar consisting of just a continuous wave (CW) source and a Schottky diode intensity detector based on optical interferometry technique. The reference arm features an oscillating mirror to modulate the low-frequency-band (LFB) Doppler signature to the high-frequency-band (HFB) centered at the reference arm frequency. The reference arm frequency needs to oscillate at a frequency that is higher than twice the Doppler frequency of the object to avoid overlapping of the LFB and HFB signals. Rigorous mathematical formulas have been derived to solve for both the amplitude and the unambiguous phase of the Doppler signal, by using both LFB and HFB signals. The unwrapped phase can be obtained in two ways: a simply phase unwrapping process and a universal fitting process. The Doppler frequency signature of a moving object can be obtained from the Fourier transform of the phase. Computer simulation was first used to show the validity of the derived mathematical formulas. Then a prototype at 0.15 THz was built and tested using a ball pendulum as target. Experimental scenarios for phase span of less than 2π and greater than 2π were studied. The measured amplitude and phase have been shown to agree well with the set up experimental parameters.
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  • U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright.
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Remote sensing of patterns of cardiac activity on an ambulatory subject using millimeter-wave interferometry and statistical methods

ECG with superimposed heartbeats gathered with breathing using both the new method and the original, non-statistical method. Credits: I. Mikhelson

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: Ilya V. Mikhelson, Sasan Bakhtiari, Thomas W. Elmer II, Alan V. Sahakian
• Published in: Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing
  • Vol. 51, Issue 1-2, pp. 135-142
  • DOI: 10.1007/s11517-012-0977-6
  • (Originally prepared for IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Engineering as "Remote Sensing of Patterns of Cardiac Activity Using Statistical Methods and Non-Linear Optimization")
• Abstract
  • Using a 94-GHz millimeter-wave interferometer, we are able to calculate the relative displacement of an object. When aimed at the chest of a human subject, we measure the minute motions of the chest due to cardiac activity. After processing the data using a wavelet multiresolution decomposition, we are able to obtain a signal with peaks at heartbeat temporal locations. In order for these heartbeat temporal locations to be accurate, the reflected signal must not be very noisy. Since there is noise in all but the most ideal conditions, we created a statistical algorithm in order to compensate for unconfident temporal locations as computed by the wavelet transform. By analyzing the statistics of the peak locations, we fill in missing heartbeat temporal locations and eliminate superfluous ones. Along with this, we adapt the processing procedure to the current signal, as opposed to using the same method for all signals. With this method, we are able to find the heart rate of ambulatory subjects without any physical contact.
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Noncontact Millimeter-Wave Real-Time Detection and Tracking of Heart Rate on an Ambulatory Subject

System maintaining identity when another human is close to the subject of interest. Credits: I. Mikhelson

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: Ilya V. Mikhelson, Philip Lee, Sasan Bakhtiari, Thomas W. Elmer II, Aggelos K. Katsaggelos, and Alan V. Sahakian*
• Published in: IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
  • Vol. 16, Issue 5, pp. 927-934
  • DOI: 10.1109/TITB.2012.2204760
  • Originally submitted as "Non-Contact Millimeter-Wave Real-Time Detection and Tracking of Heart Rate with a Non-Stationary Subject". Rejected due to a one-revision policy, then new data was collected and the paper revised for re-submission.
• Abstract
  • This paper presents a solution to an aiming problem in the remote sensing of vital signs using an integration of two systems. The problem is that to collect meaningful data with a millimeter-wave sensor, the antenna must be pointed very precisely at the subject's chest. Even small movements could make the data unreliable. To solve this problem, we attached a camera to the millimeter-wave antenna, and mounted this combined system on a pan/tilt base. Our algorithm initially finds a subject's face and then tracks him/her through subsequent frames, while calculating the position of the subject's chest. For each frame, the camera sends the location of the chest to the pan/tilt base, which rotates accordingly to make the antenna point at the subject's chest. This paper presents a system for concurrent tracking and data acquisition with results from some sample scenarios.
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  • © 2012 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
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Ka Band: Standoff Through-the-Wall Sensing at Ka Band

This was an alternate title page I submitted for the article. This was the small title variant, with a large title variant to have title text replacing the two figure insets.

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: S. Liao*, T. Elmer, S. Bakhtiari, N. Gopalsami, N. Cox, J. Wiencek, and A. C. Raptis
• Published In: Journal of Materials Evaluation
  • 2012 Oct, Vol. 70, No. 10, pp. 1136-1144
  • DOI: (unknown)
  • Very good reviews; we were offered choice between "featured article" and "technical paper". We chose "feature".
• Abstract
  • Conventional microwave remote sensing/imaging of through-the-wall objects made of different materials is usually performed at frequencies below 3 GHz that provide relatively low spatial resolution. In this paper, we evaluate the ability and sensitivity of high-frequency microwave or millimeter wave standoff sensing of through-the-wall objects to achieve high spatial resolution. The target under study is a sandwich structure consisting of different object materials placed between two wall blocks. An Agilent® PNA-X series (model N5245A) vector network analyzer is used to sweep over the entire Ka-band (26.5 GHz to 40 GHz). The beam is then directed to a standard rectangular horn antenna and collimated by a 6-inch-diameter Gaussian lens towards the sandwich structure (wall block/object/wall block). The reflected electromagnetic wave is picked up by the same system as the complex S-parameter S11. Both amplitude and phase of the reflected signal are used to recognize different materials sandwiched between the cement blocks. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical calculations, which show satisfactory agreement for the cases evaluated in this work.
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  • (Note, I cant find author guidelines for this journal, so I'm assuming Fair Use applies.)
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Passive millimeter wave imaging with compressive sensing

Illustration of how a folded observation mask corresponds to a row in the cyclic Hadamard S-matrix. (Illustration included in the paper in another form, however this was my preferred form.)

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: Nachappa Gopalsami, Shaolin Liao, Thomas W. Elmer, Eugene R. Koehl, Alexander Heifetz, Apostolos C. Raptis, Leonidas Spinoulas, and Aggelos K. Katsaggelos
• Published in: Optical Engineering
  • Invited paper, special Issue on Millimeter Waves and Terahertz Imaging
  • Vol. 51, Issue 9, pp. 091614-1 - 091614-9
  • DOI: 10.1117/1.OE.51.9.091614
• Abstract
  • Passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imagers using a single radiometer, called single pixel imagers, employ raster scanning to produce images. A serious drawback of such a single pixel imaging system is the long acquisition time needed to produce a high-fidelity image, arising from two factors: (a) the time to scan the whole scene pixel by pixel and (b) the integration time for each pixel to achieve adequate signal to noise ratio. Recently, compressive sensing (CS) has been developed for single-pixel optical cameras to significantly reduce the imaging time and at the same time produce high-fidelity images by exploiting the sparsity of the data in some transform domain. While the efficacy of CS has been established for single-pixel optical systems, its application to PMMW imaging is not straightforward due to its (a) longer wavelength by three to four orders of magnitude that suffers high diffraction losses at finite size spatial waveform modulators and (b) weaker radiation intensity, for example, by eight orders of magnitude less than that of infrared. We present the development and implementation of a CS technique for PMMW imagers and shows a factor-of-ten increase in imaging speed. ©2012 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
• Citations
  • Amizic, B.; Spinoulas, L.; Molina, R.; Katsaggelos, A.K., "Compressive Blind Image Deconvolution," Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.22, no.10, pp.3994,4006, Oct. 2013 10.1109/TIP.2013.2266100
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  • Gopalsami N, Liao S, Elmer TW, et al; Passive millimeter-wave imaging with compressive sensing. Opt. Eng. 0001;51(9):091614-1-091614-9. doi:10.1117/1.OE.51.9.091614
    
    ©2012 Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
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Optimized compressive sampling for passive millimeter-wave imaging

Passive mm wave image of a pair of scissors

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: Leonidas Spinoulas, Jin Qi, Aggelos K. Katsaggelos, Thomas W. Elmer, Nachappa Gopalsami, and Apostolos C. Raptis
• Published in: Applied Optics
  • Vol. 51, Issue 26, pp. 6335-6342 (2012)
  • official link
• Abstract:
  • In this paper, we briefly describe a single detector passive millimeter-wave imaging system, which has been previously presented. The system uses a cyclic sensing matrix to acquire incoherent measurements of the observed scene and then reconstructs the image using a Bayesian approach. The cyclic nature of the sensing matrix allows for the design of a single unified and compact mask that provides all the required random masks in a convenient way, such that no mechanical mask exchange is needed. Based on this setup, we primarily propose the optimal adaptive selection of sampling submasks out of the full cyclic mask to obtain improved reconstruction results. The reconstructed images show the feasibility of the imaging system as well as its improved performance through the proposed sampling scheme.
• Notes
  • This article was almost published without including our names, even though it included our data, my sampling technique / explanation for why it works, and our figures were 'borrowed' liberally. Changes were made at the last minute before publication to include authorship after we stumbled on the paper online in pre-pub form.
• Citations
  • Amizic, B.; Spinoulas, L.; Molina, R.; Katsaggelos, A.K., "Compressive Blind Image Deconvolution," Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.22, no.10, pp.3994,4006, Oct. 2013 10.1109/TIP.2013.2266100
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  • official link
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Development of Ultrasonic Waveguide Techniques for Under-Sodium Viewing

Under-sodium imaging results of a calibration target

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: Ke Wang, Hual-Te Chien, Thomas W. Elmer, William P. Pawrence, David M. Engel, and Shuh-Haw Sheen
• Published in: NDT&E International
  • Volume 49, July 2012, Pages 71–76
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.ndteint.2012.03.006
• Abstract:
  • An ultrasonic imaging system based on the waveguide technique was developed to provide in-service inspection of reactor core of a sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFR) and potential applications in other hostile environments. By using the ultrasonic waveguide technique, we overcome the major technical challenge in developing an under-sodium viewing (USV) system that can withstand the high-temperature and corrosive environment. The chosen design of the prototype waveguide (WG) is a hybrid of bundle and spiraled-sheet WG. The prototypes show high detection sensitivity with minimal background noise by effectively reducing spurious echoes and mode conversions. Tests on prototype waveguide transducers were conducted in liquid sodium up to 6501 F. C-scan images of the targets were successfully developed from both time-of-flight and amplitude variations of the reflected echoes. The ultrasonic waveguide imaging system demonstrates a capability of detecting defects with 1 mm width and 0.5 mm depth under molten sodium.
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  • NOTICE: this is the author’s version of a work that was accepted for publication in NDT & E International. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reflected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A definitive version was subsequently published in NDT & E International, VOL#49, July 2012.
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Passive Millimeter-Wave Dual-Polarization Imagers

Horizontal-polarization image (top) and polarization-difference image (bottom) of a car overlaid on the optical image

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: Shaolin Liao, Nachappa Gopalsami, Thomas W. Elmer, II, Eugene R. Koehl, Alexander Heifetz, Keenan Avers, Eric Dieckman, and Apostolos C. Raptis
• Published in: Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on
  • Volume 61, Issue 7, Pages 2042 - 2050, July 2012
  • DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2012.2183032
• Status: Accepted
• Abstract
  • We have developed two passive millimeter-wave(mmW)imagers for terrestrial remote sensing: one is an integrated imaging and spectroscopy system in the 146-154 GHz range with 16 channels of 500 MHz bandwidth each and the other is a single channel dual polarized imaging radiometer in the 70-100 GHz range. The imaging in both systems is implemented through translation of a 15cm Gaussian dielectric imaging lens. We compared the outdoor images of objects like car, vegetation, sky, and ground by both the systems under various weather conditions including clear, cloudy and rainy times. Ray-tracing simulation with radiative transfer equation was used to quantify the polarization diversity of the acquired images.
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  • © 2012 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
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Nuclear Radiation-Induced Atmospheric Air Breakdown in a Spark Gap

Triangular sweep of dc power supply from 0 to 4 kV over a 30 s period (green line) and the corresponding mmW signal (blue line) without (unshaded) and with (shaded) γ-ray radiation.

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: S. Liao, N. Gopalsami, E. R. Koehl, T. W. Elmer, A. Heifetz, H-T. Chien, and A. C. Raptis
• Published in: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science
  • Volume 40, Issue 4, Pages 990 - 994, April 2012
  • DOI: 10.1109/TPS.2012.2187343
• Abstract
  • We have investigated the effect of pre-ionization by a radioactive ¹³⁷Cs γ-ray source on the atmospheric air breakdown conditions in a high-voltage spark gap. A standoff millimeter-wave (mmW) system was used to monitor the breakdown properties. A decrease in breakdown threshold was observed with an increase of radiation dose. We attribute this to a space charge-controlled electron diffusion process in a cloud of radiation-induced ion species of both polarities. The space charge-dependent diffusion coefficient was determined from the measurement data. In addition, we found that the breakdown process shows random spikes with Poisson–like statistical feature. These findings portend the feasibility of remote detection of nuclear radiation using high-power mmWs.
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  • © 2012 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
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Compact Millimeter Wave Sensor for Remote Monitoring of Vital Signs

Measurement showing heart-rate of a subject returning to rest after brief exercise

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: Sasan Bakhtiari*, Thomas W. Elmer, Nicholas M. Cox, Nachappa Gopalsami, Appostolos C. Raptis, Shaolin Liao, Ilya Mikhelson, and Alan V. Sahakian
• Published In: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
  • Volume 61, Issue 3, Pages 830 - 841, March 2012
  • DOI: 10.1109/TIM.2011.2171589
• Abstract:
  • A compact millimeter wave (MMW) sensor has been developed for remote monitoring of human vital signs (heart and respiration rate). The low-power homodyne transceiver operating at 94 GHz was assembled by using solid-state active and passive block-type components and can be battery operated. A description of the MMW system front-end and the back-end acquisition hardware and software is presented. Representative test case results on the application of various signal processing and data analysis algorithms developed to extract faint physiological signals of interest in presence of strong background interference are provided. Although the laboratory experiments so far have been limited to standoff distances of up to fifteen meters, the upper limit of the detection range is expected to be higher. In comparison to its microwave counterparts, the MMW system described here provides higher directivity, increased sensitivity, and longer detection range for measuring subtle mechanical displacements associated with heart and respiration functions. The system may be adapted for use in a wide range of standoff sensing applications including for patient health care, structural health monitoring, nondestructive testing, biometric sensing, and remote vibrometry in general.
• Citations
  • (book) Li, Changzhi, and Jenshan Lin. Microwave noncontact motion sensing and analysis. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
  • Li, Sheng; Tian, Ying; Lu, Guohua; Zhang, Yang; Lv, Hao; Yu, Xiao; Xue, Huijun; Zhang, Hua; Wang, Jianqi; Jing, Xijing. 2013. "A 94-GHz Millimeter-Wave Sensor for Speech Signal Acquisition." Sensors 13, no. 11: 14248-14260. 10.3390/s131114248
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  • © 2012 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
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Microwave Remote Sensing of Ionized Air

Measured RCS per square meter in the Ka-band (26.5–40 GHz) for three cycles when the NIG is on and off. Credits: S. Liao

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: S. Liao*, N. Gopalsami, A. Heifetz, T. Elmer, P. Fiflis, E. R. Koehl, H. T. Chien, and A. C. Raptis
• Published In: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters
  • Volume 8, Issue 4, Pages 617 - 620, Jul. 2011
  • DOI: 10.1109/LGRS.2010.2098016
• Abstract:
  • We present observations of microwave scattering from ambient room air ionized with a negative ion generator. The frequency dependence of the radar cross section of ionized air was measured from 26.5 to 40 GHz (Ka-band) in a bistatic mode with an Agilent PNA-X series (model N5245A) vector network analyzer. A detailed calibration scheme is provided to minimize the effect of the stray background field and system frequency response on the target reflection. The feasibility of detecting the microwave reflection from ionized air portends many potential applications such as remote sensing of atmospheric ionization and remote detection of radioactive ionization of air.
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  • © 2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
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A Real-time Heart Rate Analysis for a Remote Millimeter Wave I-Q Sensor

Detection of heartbeats. Credits: S. Liao

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: Bakhtiari, S.; Liao, S.; Elmer II, T.; “Sami” Gopalsami , N.; Raptis, A. C.;
• Published In: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
  • Volume 58, Issue 6, Pages 1839 - 1845, Jun. 2011
  • DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2122335
• Abstract:
  • This article analyzes Heart Rate (HR) information from physiological tracings collected with a remote millimeter wave (mmW) I-Q sensor for biometric monitoring applications. A parameter optimization method based on the nonlinear Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm is used. The mmW sensor works at 94 GHz and can detect the vital signs of a human subject from a few to tens of meters away. The reflected mmW signal is typically affected by respiration, body movement, background noise and electronic system noise. Processing of the mmW radar signal is thus necessary to obtain the true HR. The down-converted received signal in this case consists of both the real part (I-branch) and the imaginary part (Q-branch), which can be considered as the cosine and sine of the received phase of HR signal. Instead of fitting the converted phase angle signal, the method directly fits the real and imaginary parts of the HR signal, which circumvents the need for phase unwrapping. This is particularly useful when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low. Also the method identifies both beat-to-beat HR and individual heartbeat magnitude, which is valuable for some medical diagnosis applications. The mean HR here is compared to that obtained using the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).
• Citations
  • Li, Sheng; Tian, Ying; Lu, Guohua; Zhang, Yang; Lv, Hao; Yu, Xiao; Xue, Huijun; Zhang, Hua; Wang, Jianqi; Jing, Xijing. 2013. "A 94-GHz Millimeter-Wave Sensor for Speech Signal Acquisition." Sensors 13, no. 11: 14248-14260. 10.3390/s131114248
  • Alamoudi, A.; Alomar, N.; Alabdulrahman, R.; Alkoblan, S.; & Alrashed, W. A. "Usability Engineering of Games: A Comparative Analysis of Measuring Excitement Using Sensors, Direct Observations and Self-Reported Data.", International Journal of UbiComp (IJU), Vol.5, No.3, July 2014. 10.5121/iju.2014.5301
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  • © 2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
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Remote Sensing of Heart Rate and Patterns of Respiration Using 94 GHz Millimeter Wave Interferometry

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: Mikhelson, I. V.;Bakhtiari, S.;Elmer, II, T. W.;Sahakian, A. V.
• Published In: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
  • Volume 58, Issue 6, Pages 1671 - 1677, Jun. 2011
  • DOI: 10.1109/TBME.2011.2111371
• Abstract
  • Using continuous wave, 94 GHz millimeter-wave interferometry, a signal representing chest wall motion can be obtained that contains both the heart rate and respiration patterns of a human subject. These components have to be separated from each other in the received signal. Our method was to use the quadrature and in-phase components of the signal, after removing the mean of each, to find the phase, unwrap it, and convert it to a displacement measurement. Using this, the power spectrum was examined for peaks, which corresponded to the heart rate and respiration rate. The displacement waveform of the chest was also analyzed for discrete heartbeats using a novel wavelet decomposition technique.
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  • © 2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
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• Citations
  • ECG vs. single-antenna system for heartbeat activity detection, 10.1145/2093698.2093838
  • Li, Sheng; Tian, Ying; Lu, Guohua; Zhang, Yang; Lv, Hao; Yu, Xiao; Xue, Huijun; Zhang, Hua; Wang, Jianqi; Jing, Xijing. 2013. "A 94-GHz Millimeter-Wave Sensor for Speech Signal Acquisition." Sensors 13, no. 11: 14248-14260. 10.3390/s131114248

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Visual Measurement of Suture Strain for Robotic Surgery

Steps in the marker detection process

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: John Martell, Thomas Elmer, Nachappa Gopalsami, and Young Soo Park
• Published in: Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine (formerly Journal of Theoretical Medicine)
  • Volume: 2011
  • Article ID: 879086
  • Accepted: 2011-01-05
  • DOI: 10.1155/2011/879086
• Abstract:
  • Minimally invasive surgical procedures offer advantages of smaller incisions, decreased hospital length of stay, and rapid postoperative recovery to the patient. Surgical robots improve access and visualization intraoperatively and have expanded the indications for minimally invasive procedures. A limitation of the DaVinci surgical robot is a lack of sensory feedback to the operative surgeon. Experienced robotic surgeons use visual interpretation of tissue and suture deformation as a surrogate for tactile feedback. A difficulty encountered during robotic surgery is maintaining adequate suture tension while tying knots or following a running anastomotic suture. Displaying suture strain in real time has potential to decrease the learning curve and improve the performance and safety of robotic surgical procedures. Conventional strain measurement methods involve installation of complex sensors on the robotic instruments. This paper presents a noninvasive video processing-based method to determine strain in surgical sutures. The method accurately calculates strain in suture by processing video from the existing surgical camera, making implementation uncomplicated. The video analysis method was developed and validated using video of suture strain standards on a servohydraulic testing system. The video-based suture strain algorithm is shown capable of measuring suture strains of 0.2% with subpixel resolution and proven reliability under various conditions.
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  • John Martell, Thomas Elmer, Nachappa Gopalsami, and Young Soo Park, “Visual Measurement of Suture Strain for Robotic Surgery,” Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, vol. 2011, Article ID 879086, 9 pages, 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/879086
    
    Copyright © 2011 John Martell et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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• Citations
  • "Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Transection and Repair of an Obturator Nerve During Pelvic Lymphadenectomy for Endometrial Cancer", DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e31823d0c4f

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Application of millimeter-wave radiometry for remote chemical detection.

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Date Cleared: 2007-08-09
• Authors: Gopalsami, N.;Bakhtiari, S.;Elmer, T. W.;Raptis, A. C.
• Published In: IEEE Trans. on Microwave Theory Tech.
  • Volume 56, Issue 3, Pages 700-709, Mar. 2008
  • DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2008.916985
• Affiliations
  • ANL Divisions: NE
• Keynumbers
  • ANL Publications #: 59825
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  • ©2008 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.
  • The following article appeared in IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, vol 56, Number 3, pp 700-709 and may be found at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
  • DOI: 10.1109/TMTT.2008.916985
  • download article
• Citations:
  • "Microwave Photonic Noise Source From Microwave to Sub-Terahertz Wave Bands and Its Applications to Noise Characterization". Ho-Jin Song; Shimizu, N; Kukutsu, N; Nagatsuma, T; Kado, Y. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. Volume: 56, Issue: 12, Part 1. Pp 2989-2997.
  • "Novel Terahertz Sources and Applications to Security". S. G. Biedron, et al.
  • "Passive Millimeter-Wave Microscopy". Nozokido, T.; Noto, M.; Murai, T. Microwave and Wireless Components Letters, IEEE. Volume: 19, Issue: 10. Pp 638-640
  • "Millimeter wave detection of nuclear radiation: An alternative detection mechanism". N. Gopalsami, H. T. Chien, A. Heifetz, E. R. Koehl, and A. C. Raptis. Rev. Sci. Instrum. Volume: 80, Issue: 8.

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Published Reports

Technical Letter Report on Development of Flaw Sizing Algorithms for Eddy Current Rotating Probe Examinations

• Sponsor: United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC)
• Type: NRC Technical Letter Report
• Authors: Sasan Bakhtiari and Thomas W. Elmer
• Date: 2008-09
• Summary
  • This report provides an overview of research activities at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) associated with computer-aided analysis of EC inspection data. The overall objective of the studies in this area has been to examine viable methods that could help improve the reliability of tube integrity assessments based on nondestructive evaluation (NDE) results. The results of efforts on the development and integration of various algorithms for sizing of flaws based on eddy current rotating probe data are presented here. The main focus of these investigations was on the processing of data acquired with the +Point^TM probe, which is one of the more widely used probes for detection and characterization of cracking in SG tubes. The overall structure of a software-based tool, developed under the MATLAB® environment, for the processing of data acquired with different EC probe types is described in this report.
• Download:
  • NRC link

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The Use of Microwave Radar for Remote Detection of Gas Pipeline Leaks

Radar image showing a gas leak

• Authors: N. Gopalsami, A. Dron, T. Elmer, and A. C. Raptis, and V. D. Asanov, S. V. Kokhatski, and S. A. Mishin
• Date: 2003
• Abstract
  • This report describes the development of a microwave (MW) radar sensing and imaging system to remotely detect and locate gas leaks in natural gas pipelines. It contains theoretical and experimental results to show feasibility of the radar technique. The gas dynamics of the leak jet are modeled first to determine the plume geometry and the variation of gas concentration in air with distance from the leak source. From the turbulence - induced static and dynamic change s of index of refraction, the radar backscatter cross section of the plume is determined next. To verify the model predictions and to determine the detection sensitivity of gas leaks, a commercial X - band radar system was interfaced with a computer to enable data collection and specialized signal and image processing. The radar, calibrated with a corner cube, was tested on gas plumes (cold nitrogen for initial test and propane leak for long - range test). The radar cross sections of gas plumes, calculated from the test data, were in the general range of the model predictions. The results thus indicate the technical feasibility of the radar technique for remote and fast inspection of gas pipelines for leaks.
• Citations:
  • [book] Calcatelli, Anita. "Leak Detection: General Remarks and Examples." Integrity of Pipelines Transporting Hydrocarbons. Springer Netherlands, 2011. 181-206. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0588-3_13
• Presentations:
  • Radar Detection and Monitoring of Gas Pipeline Leaks (September 16-17, Morgantown, West Virginia, 2002, Natural Gas Infrastructure Reliability Forums)
    • Citation: Lopez, M. U., S. Sadovnychiy, and V. I. Ponomaryov. "Remote Detection System of Methane Leakage Using FTIR Spectrometric Technology." Electronics, Robotics and Automotive Mechanics Conference, 2006. Vol. 2. IEEE, 2006. DOI: 10.1109/CERMA.2006.78
    • Citation: [Spanish masters thesis] Lopez Diaz, M. U. "Detección Remota de Fugas de Gas y Petróleo por Medio de Espectrometría"
    • Citation: [book] Calcatelli, Anita. "Leak Detection: General Remarks and Examples." Integrity of Pipelines Transporting Hydrocarbons. Springer Netherlands, 2011. 181-206. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0588-3_13
    • Citation: Stearns, Steven V., et al. "Active remote detection of natural gas pipeline leaks." US Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory Technology Status Report.
• Download:
  • archive.org

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Conference papers

A novel interferometric millimeter wave Doppler radar architecture

• Type: Full Length Conference Paper
• Authors: Liao, Shaolin; Gopalsami, N.; Bakhtiari, S.; Elmer, T.; Raptis, A.C.
• Conference: 2013 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I²MTC)
  • Date: 2013-05-06 - 09
• Status: Presented
• Abstract
  • A universal, mixerless millimeter wave (mmW) Doppler radar architecture consisting of simply a Continuous Wave (CW) source and an intensity detector based on optical interferometry technique has been assembled. The phase information is obtained by using an oscillating mirror in the reference arm, similar to that used by the FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy) technique. The reference mirror oscillates at a frequency that is higher than twice the Doppler frequency of the object. Rigorous mathematical formulas have been derived to solve for both the amplitude and the phase of the Doppler signal, by using the Low-Frequency-Band (LFB) and High-Frequency-Band (HFB) signals. The Doppler frequency signature of a moving object can be obtained from the Fourier transform of the phase. A prototype at 94 GHz was built and tested using a ball pendulum target moving over a full-swing distance much smaller than a wavelength. Both the measured amplitude and phase have been shown to agree well with the experimental parameters. The interferometric Doppler radar architecture is universal and can be extended to THz without significant change of components.
• Download:
  • Shaolin Liao; Gopalsami, N.; Bakhtiari, S.; Elmer, T.; Raptis, AC., "A novel interferometric millimeter wave Doppler radar architecture," Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), 2013 IEEE International , vol., no., pp.387,391, 6-9 May 2013; DOI: 10.1109/I2MTC.2013.6555445.
  • Download Article

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Remote sensing of heart rate using millimeter-wave interferometry and probabilistic interpolation

• Type: Full Length Conference Paper
• Authors: Ilya V. Mikhelson, Sasan Bakhtiari, Thomas W. Elmer, Shaolin Liao, Alan V. Sahakian
• Conference: SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing 2013
  • Date: 2013-05-02
• Status: Presented
• Abstract
  • Using a 94-GHz homodyne interferometer employing a highly-directional quasi-optical lens antenna aimed at a human subject's chest, we can measure chest wall displacement from up to 10m away and through common clothing. Within the chest displacement signal are motions due to cardiac activity, respiration, and gross body movement. Our goal is to find the heart rate of the subject being monitored, which implies isolation of the minute movements due to cardiac activity from the much larger movements due to respiration and body movement. To accomplish this, we first find a subset of the true heartbeat temporal locations (called confident" heartbeats) in the displacement signal using a multi-resolution wavelet approach, utilizing Symlet wavelets. Although the chest displacement due to cardiac activity is orders of magnitude smaller than that due to respiration and body movement, wavelets find those heartbeat locations due to several useful properties, such as shape matching, high-pass filtering, and vanishing moments. Using the assumption that the confident" heartbeats are randomly selected from the set of all heartbeats, we are able to find the maximum a posteriori statistics of an inverse Gaussian probability distribution modeling the inter-heartbeat times. We then analyze the confident" heartbeats and decide which heartbeats are probabilistically correct and which are not, based on the inverse Gaussian distribution we calculated earlier. The union of the confident" set, after pruning, and the interpolated set forms a very close approximation to the true heartbeat temporal location set, and thus allows us to accurately calculate a heart rate.
• Download:
  • Ilya V. Mikhelson ; Sasan Bakhtiari ; Thomas W. Elmer ; Shaolin Liao ; Alan V. Sahakian; Remote sensing of heart rate using millimeter-wave interferometry and probabilistic interpolation. Proc. SPIE 8719, Smart Biomedical and Physiological Sensor Technology X, 87190M (May 31, 2013); DOI: 10.1117/12.2015282. (Purchase published version)
    
    Copyright 2013 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
  • Download Article

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Development Of A Novel Ultrasonic Temperature Probe For Long-Term Monitoring Of Dry Cask Storage Systems

LabVIEW VI created to collect this data. I am really proud of the techniques I was able to use to make this work. Synchronizing acquisition from four sources, parallel threads for acquisition, display, and saving, etc.

UTP Probe output during conformational bending test

• Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
• Authors: S. Bakhtiari, K. Wang, T. W. Elmer, E. Koehl, and A. C. Raptis
• Conference: The 39Th Annual Review Of Progress In Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE 2012)
• Location: Denver, CO
• Conference Date: 2012-07-15 - 2012-07-20
• Abstract:
  • With the recent cancellation of the Yucca Mountain repository and the limited availability of wet storage utilities for spent nuclear fuel (SNF), more attention has been directed toward dry cask storage systems (DCSSs) for long-term storage of SNF. Consequently, more stringent guidelines have been issued for the aging management of dry storage facilities that necessitate monitoring of the conditions of DCSSs. Continuous health monitoring of DCSSs based on temperature variations is one viable method for assessing the integrity of the system. In the present work, a novel ultrasonic temperature probe (UTP) is being tested for long-term online temperature monitoring of DCSSs. Its performance was evaluated and compared with type N thermocouple (NTC) and resistance temperature detector (RTD) using a small-scale dry storage canister mockup. Our preliminary results demonstrate that the UTP system developed at Argonne is able to achieve better than 0.8 °C accuracy, tested at temperatures of up to 400 °C. The temperature resolution is limited only by the sampling rate of the current system. The flexibility of the probe allows conforming to complex geometries thus making the sensor particularly suited to measurement scenarios where access is limited.
• Download:
  • Copyright 2012 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics.
  • The following article appeared in AIP Conference Proceedings, vol 1511, "Review of Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation", pp 1526-1533
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.4789223
  • download article

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Visual Measurement Of Suture Tension For Minimally Invasive Surgery

• Type: Conference Abstract
• Authors: Young Soo Park, John Martell, Pawel Dworzanski, Thomas Elmer, Nachappa Gopalsami
• Conference: Engineering and Urology Society 27^th Annual Meeting
  • Sponsor: Engineering and Urology Society
  • Date: 2012-05-19
• Status: presented
• Abstract
  • Introduction: We have demonstrated feasibility of real-time video image processing to measure suture strain during surgery. This will be instrumental for visual-haptic feedback in robotic and laparoscopic surgery.
    Methods: A video image processing algorithm is developed which incorporates functionalities of suture line detection, intensity profiling, frequency analysis, and strain computation. The algorithm was implemented in C++ with image/data processing libraries. Particular data processing techniques are added to improve the accuracy and robustness of the measurement. The optimized code was validated to run at 25 frames per second. A series of cyclic strain tests was performed on barbed surgical suture using Instron strain test system. The algorithm was applied on the test video and the strain computation was evaluated against the test reference profile.
    Results: The program was able to detect up to 0.2% strain, which is an order of magnitude (60 times) smaller than the lowest breaking strain of commercially available surgical sutures. In addition, the frequency based approach is expected to be more robust in real situations, such as occlusion, and applicable to wide variety of surgical sutures.
    Conclusion: The developed non-contact approach will require minimal installation with existing endoscopy, and yet to provide sensory feedback with highly accurate measurement of suture strain.

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Millimeter Wave Doppler Sensor for Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials

• Type: Full Length Conference Paper
• Authors: S. Liao, S. Bakhtiari, T. Elmer, B. Lawrence, E. R. Koehl, N. Gopalsami, and A. Raptis
• Conference: ASNT 21st Annual Research Symposium and Spring Conference
  • Sponsor: American Society for Nondestructive Testing
  • Date: 2012-03-21
• Status: presented
• Abstract
  • Resonance signatures are intrinsic characteristics of objects under evaluation. Probing the resonance signatures can reveal useful object information the materials made, geometries, presence of defects, and other characteristics of the object under test. When combined with millimeter wave Doppler sensor and remote excitation source, this new type of Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) method can work in a non-contact manner, which is an important complement of the conventional NDE method such as acoustic/ultra-sound method and can be used for both civil and national security applications, e.g., cracks/defaults diagnostics, shielded/sealed cargo container identification, and chemical/biological warhead inspection etc. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of such NDE tool. Our recently built 94 GHz I-Q Doppler sensor monitors the mechanical vibration signature of the object under interrogation that is induced by continuous wave excitation. For proof-of-principle demonstrations, the test objects were mechanically excited by an electronically controlled shaker using sinusoidal wave of at various frequencies ranging from DC to 200 Hz. We will present a number of laboratory test results and will discuss the method’s applicability to some practical NDE applications.
• Citations:
  • (book) Li, Changzhi, and Jenshan Lin. Microwave noncontact motion sensing and analysis. John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
• Download:
  • (I can't find permissions for this one, so I'm removing the link.)

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Millimeter Wave I-Q Standoff Biosensor

• Type: Full Length Conference Paper
• Authors: Shaolin Liao, Sasan Bakhtiari, Thomas Elmer, Apostolos C. Raptis, Ilya V. Mikhelson, Alan V. Sahakian
• Conference: SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing 2012
  • Date: 2012-04-25
• Status: Presented
• Abstract
  • A continuous wave (CW) 94-GHz millimeter wave (mmW) standoff biosensor has been developed for remote biometric sensing applications. The sensor measures the demodulated in-phase (I) and quadrature-phase (Q) components of the received reflected mmW signal from a subject. Both amplitude and phase of the reflected signal are obtained from downconverted I and Q channels from the quadrature mixer. The mmW sensor can faithfully monitor human vital signs (heartbeat and respiration) at relatively long standoff distances. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is used to extract the heartbeat, the respiration and the body motion signals. The approach allows one to deduce information about amplitude and beat-to-beat rate of the respiration and the heartbeat. Experimental results collected from a subject were analyzed and compared to the signal obtained with a three-electrode ECG monitoring instrument.
• Download:
  • Shaolin Liao ; Sasan Bakhtiari ; Thomas Elmer ; Apostolos C. Raptis ; Ilya V. Mikhelson ; Alan V. Sahakian; Millimeter wave I-Q standoff biosensor. Proc. SPIE 8371, Sensing Technologies for Global Health, Military Medicine, Disaster Response, and Environmental Monitoring II; and Biometric Technology for Human Identification IX, 83711D (May 1, 2012); DOI: 10.1117/12.924241. (Purchase published version)
    
    Copyright 2012 Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
  • Download Article

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Evaluation of Passive Millimeter Wave System Performance in Adverse Weather Conditions

• Type: Full Length Conference Paper
• Authors: N. Gopalsami, S. Liao, T. Elmer, E. R. Koehl, A. C. Raptis
• Conference: SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing 2012
  • Date: 2012-04-25
• Status: Presented
• Abstract
  • Passive millimeter wave (PMMW) imaging has shown distinct advantages for detection of terrestrial targets under optically obscuring conditions such as cloud, haze, snow, and light rain. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the performance of a PMMW imager for terrestrial target recognition with respect to range of detection and climatic variables such as cloud, light rain, and snow. We used a dual polarization MMW radiometer in the frequency range of 70-100 GHz for the evaluation. We present experimental results and analyze the effect of weather conditions on the image quality and its polarization contrast. These results will be useful for quantitative prediction of PMMW system performance for long-range terrestrial imaging.© (2012) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
• Download:
  • N. Gopalsami ; S. Liao ; T. Elmer ; E. R. Koehl ; A. C. Raptis; Evaluation of passive millimeter wave system performance in adverse weather conditions. Proc. SPIE 8362, Passive and Active Millimeter-Wave Imaging XV, 83620I (May 1, 2012); DOI: 10.1117/12.919212. (Purchase published version)
    
    Copyright 2012 Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
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Compressive Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

Example reconstructed images using binary measurement matrices for the proposed Bayesian and TVAL3 methods. Credits: S. Babacan

• Type: Full Length Conference Paper
• Authors: Sevket Derin Babacan, Martin Luessi, Leonidas Spinoulas, Aggelos K. Katsaggelos, Nachappa Gopalsami, Thomas Elmer, Ryan Ahern, Shaolin Liao, Apostolos Raptis
• Prepared for: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)
  • Date: 2011-09-11 - 2011-09-14
  • Location: Brussels, Belgium
  • This paper appears in: Image Processing (ICIP), 2011 18th IEEE International Conference on
  • Page(s): 2705 - 2708
  • DOI: 10.1109/ICIP.2011.6116227
• Status: Presented as poster
• Abstract:
  • In this paper, we present a novel passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imaging system designed using compressive sensing principles. We employ randomly encoded masks at the focal plane of the PMMW imager to acquire incoherent measurements of the imaged scene. We develop a Bayesian reconstruction algorithm to estimate the original image from these measurements, where the sparsity inherent to typical PMMW images is efficiently exploited. Comparisons with other existing reconstruction methods show that the proposed reconstruction algorithm provides higher quality image estimates. Finally, we demonstrate with simulations using real PMMW images that the imaging duration can be dramatically reduced by acquiring only a few measurements compared to the size of the image.
• Citations
  • Amizic, B.; Spinoulas, L.; Molina, R.; Katsaggelos, A.K., "Compressive Blind Image Deconvolution," Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.22, no.10, pp.3994,4006, Oct. 2013 10.1109/TIP.2013.2266100
• Download
  • (IEEE doesn't allow the published versions of articles to be posted anymore, and I don't have a final author's version of this.)

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Compressive sampling in active and passive millimeter-wave imaging

• Type: Full Length Conference Paper
• Authors: S. Liao, T. Elmer, N. Gopalsami, A. Heifetz, and A. C. Raptis
• Prepared for: International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and THz waves, IRMMW-THz 2011, Houston, TX, October 2-7, 2011.
  • Date : 2011-10-02 - 2011-10-07
  • This paper appears in: Infrared, Millimeter and Terahertz Waves (IRMMW-THz), 2011 36th International Conference on
  • Page(s): 1 - 2
  • DOI: 10.1109/irmmw-THz.2011.6105205
• Status: presented
• Abstract
  • We have developed a compressive sampling method based on Hadamard transform for active and passive millimeter wave (mmW) imaging. Hadamard masks of subwavelength sized pixels were used for collecting spatial mmW modulated data with a single-pixel detector system. The image recconstruction from subsampled data was based on a real time, iterative interpolation relaxation technique in the Hadamard spaace. Compressive sampled active and passive imaging results show that high-fidelity images of objects may be obtained with as small as 1/9 of the data needed for a full set of acquisitions.
• Citations
  • Amizic, B.; Spinoulas, L.; Molina, R.; Katsaggelos, A.K., "Compressive Blind Image Deconvolution," Image Processing, IEEE Transactions on , vol.22, no.10, pp.3994,4006, Oct. 2013 10.1109/TIP.2013.2266100
• Download:
  • © 2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
  • download article (Author version)

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Compressive sampling in passive millimeter wave imaging

Compressively sampled image of a circle with a bar across it. (Inset: Simulation)

• Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
• Date Cleared: 2010-11-10
• Authors: N. Gopalsami, T. W. Elmer, S. Liao, R. Ahern, A. Heifetz, A. C. Raptis, M. Luessi, D. Babacan, A. K. Katsaggelos
• Conference: SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing 2011, Conference DS202: Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging Technology XIV
• Location: Orlando World Center Marriott Resort & Convention Center, Orlando, Florida, USA.
• Conference Date: 2011-04-25 - 2011-04-29
• Affiliations
  • ANL Divisions: NE
  • Non-ANL Affil.: Northwestern Univ.
• Keynumbers
  • ANL Publications #: 68401
• Abstract:
  • We present a Hadamard transform based imaging technique and have implemented it on a single-pixel passive millimeter-wave imager in the 146-154 GHz range. The imaging arrangement uses a set of Hadamard transform masks of size p x q at the image plane of a lens and the transformed image signals are focused and collected by a horn antenna of the imager. The cyclic nature of Hadamard matrix allows the use of a single extended 2-D Hadamard mask of size (2p-1) x (2q-1) to expose a p x q submask for each acquisition by raster scanning the large mask one pixel at a time. A total of N = pq acquisitions can be made with a complete scan. The original p x q image may be reconstructed by a simple matrix operation. Instead of full N acquisitions, we can use a subset of the masks for compressive sensing. In this regard, we have developed a relaxation technique that recovers the full Hadamard measurement space from sub-sampled Hadamard acquisitions. We have reconstructed high fidelity images with 1/9 of the full Hadamard acquisitions, thus reducing the image acquisition time by a factor of 9.
• Download:
  • N. Gopalsami ; T. W. Elmer ; S. Liao ; R. Ahern ; A. Heifetz ; A. C. Raptis ; M. Luessi ; D. Babacan ; A. K. Katsaggelos; Compressive sampling in passive millimeter-wave imaging. Proc. SPIE 8022, Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Technology XIV, 80220I (May 25, 2011); DOI: 10.1117/12.886998.
    
    Copyright 2011 Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
  • Download Article

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Passive millimeter wave imaging and spectroscopy system for terrestrial remote sensing.

Passive mm wave image of a pair of scissors

• Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
• Date Cleared: 2010-03-04
• Authors: Nachappa Gopalsami, Shaolin Liao, Eugene R. Koehl, Thomas W. Elmer, Alexander Heifetz, Hual-Te Chien, Apostolos C. Raptis
• Conference: SPIE Defense, Security and Sensing 2010 (DSS 2010)
• Location: Orlando, FL
• Conference Date: 2010-04-05 - 2010-04-09
• Report No.: ANL/NE/CP-66398
• Affiliations
  • ANL Divisions: NE
• Keynumbers
  • ANL Publications #: 66398
• Abstract:
  • We have built a passive millimeter wave imaging and spectroscopy system with a 15-channel filter bank in the 146-154 GHz band for terrestrial remote sensing. We had built the spectroscopy system first and have now retrofitted an imaging element to it as a single pixel imager. The imaging element consisted of a 15-cm-diameter imaging lens fed to a corrugated scalar horn. Image acquisition is carried out by scanning the lens with a 2-axis translation stage. A LabVIEW-based software program integrates the imaging and spectroscopy systems with online display of spectroscopic information while the system scans each pixel position. The software also allows for integrating the image intensity of all 15 channels to increase the signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of ~4 relative to single channel image. The integrated imaging and spectroscopy system produces essentially 4-D data in which spatial data are along 2 dimensions, spectral data are in the 3rd dimension, and time is the 4th dimension. The system performance was tested by collecting imaging and spectral data with a 7.5-cm-diameter and 1m long gas cell in which test chemicals were introduced against a liquid nitrogen background.
• Download:
  • Nachappa Gopalsami ; Shaolin Liao ; Eugene R. Koehl ; Thomas W. Elmer ; Alexander Heifetz ; Hual-Te Chien ; Apostolos C. Raptis; Passive millimeter wave imaging and spectroscopy system for terrestrial remote sensing. Proc. SPIE 7670, Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Technology XIII, 767003 (April 24, 2010); DOI: 10.1117/12.850123
    
    Copyright 2010 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
  • download Article

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Data Analysis Algorithms for Flaw Sizing Based on Eddy Current Rotating Probe Examination of Steam Generator Tubes.

Representative graphics

• Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
• Date Cleared: 2009-10-14, 2009-06-18 (abstract)
• Authors: Bakhtiari, S.;Elmer, T. W.
• Conference: 6th Canadian Nuclear Society International Steam Generator Conference (program)
• Location: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
• Conference Date: 2009-11-08 - 2009-11-11
  • Presented: Paper 5.13, Wed, 2009-11-11, 15:05
• Report No.: ANL/NE/CP-65290
• Affiliations
  • ANL Divisions: NE
• Keynumbers
  • ANL Publications #: 65290, 64504 (abstract)
• Download:
  • download article (Also available at NRC.gov)

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Millimeter wave sensor for far-field standoff vibrometry.

Vibrometer setup

• Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
• Date Cleared: 2008-09-05, 2008-05-12 (abstract)
• Authors: Bakhtiari, S.;Gopalsami, N.;Elmer, T. W.;Raptis, A. C.
• Conference: 35th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE 2008)
• Location: Chicago, IL
• Conference Date: 2008-07-20 - 2008-07-25
• Report No.: ANL/NE/CP-62458
• Affiliations
  • ANL Divisions: NE
• Keynumbers
  • ANL Publications #: 62458, 61637 (abstract)
  • Associated Project Reference #: 2007-113-R1, 03887-00 (abstract)
• Citations
  • Li, Sheng; Tian, Ying; Lu, Guohua; Zhang, Yang; Lv, Hao; Yu, Xiao; Xue, Huijun; Zhang, Hua; Wang, Jianqi; Jing, Xijing. 2013. "A 94-GHz Millimeter-Wave Sensor for Speech Signal Acquisition." Sensors 13, no. 11: 14248-14260. 10.3390/s131114248
• Download:
  • Copyright 2009 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics.
  • The following article appeared in AIP Conference Proceedings, vol 1096, "Review of Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation", pp 1641-1648 and may be found at http://link.aip.org/link/?apc/1096/1641.
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.3114155
  • download article

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Surface Plasmon THz Resonators for Security Applications

• Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
• Date Cleared:
• Authors: Gopalsami, N; Chien, HT; Elmer, T II; Bakhtiari, S; and Raptis, AC
• Conference: 35th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE 2008)
• Location: Chicago, IL
• Conference Date: 2008-07-20 - 2008-07-25
• Report No.:
• Affiliations
  • ANL Divisions: NE
• Keynumbers
  • ANL Publications #:
  • Associated Project Reference #:
• Download:
  • Copyright 2009 American Institute of Physics. This article may be downloaded for personal use only. Any other use requires prior permission of the author and the American Institute of Physics.
  • The following article appeared in AIP Conference Proceedings, vol 1096, "Review of Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation", pp 1641-1648 and may be found at http://link.aip.org/link/?apc/1096/440.
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.3114276
  • download article

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Development of flaw sizing algorithms for eddy current rotating probes.

• Type: Abstract Conf. Paper
• Date Cleared: 2008-04-22
• Authors: Bakhtiari, S.;Elmer, T. W.
• Conference: EPRI 27th Steam Generator NDE Workshop
• Location: Palm Desert, CA
• Conference Date: 2008-07-21 - 2008-07-23
• Affiliations
  • ANL Divisions: NE
• Keynumbers
  • ANL Publications #: 61543
• Abstract:
  • Results of recent investigations at Argonne on the development of various algorithms for sizing of flaws in steam generator tubes based on eddy current rotating probe data are presented. The research was carried out as part of the activities under the International Steam Generator Tube Integrity Program sponsored by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission. A computer-aided data analysis tool has been developed to allow off-line processing of eddy current inspection data. The main objectives have been to a) allow all data processing stages to be performed under the same user interface, b) simplify modification and testing of scripts, and c) minimize analyst intervention. The focus of most recent studies at Argonne has been on the processing of data acquired with +Point™ rotating probe. Various algorithms developed under the MATLAB™ environment for the conversion, segmentation, calibration, and analysis of data have been consolidated within a single user interface. Currently, data acquired with a number of standard eddy current test equipment are automatically recognized and converted for further processing. Under the new plugin system, user-developed scripts may be tested independent of the main code. Evaluation of the sizing algorithms so far have been based on data from tubes with machined and laboratory-produced flaws. Representative results from these studies are presented.

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Passive millimeter wave sensor for remote chemical detection.

• Type: Full Length Public Comm. (Award Entry)
• Date Cleared: 2007-03-13
• Authors: Gopalsami, N.;Bakhitari, S.;Raptis, A.;Elmer, T.
• Submitted To: R&D Magazine (R&D100 Awards)
  • DVD to accompany entry
• Affiliations
  • ANL Divisions: NE;OTT;TSD
• Keynumbers
  • ANL Publications #: 58677

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A millimeter-wave radiometer for terrestrial remote sensing of chemical plumes.

• Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
• Date Cleared: 2006-11-30, 2007-04-12
• Authors: Bakhtiari, S.;Gopalsami, N.;Elmer, T.;Raptis, A. C.
• Conference: 3rd International Conference on Electromagnetic Near-Field Characterization and Imaging (ICONIC 2007)
• Location: St. Louis, MO
• Conference Date: 2007-06-27 - 2007-06-29
• Report No.: ANL/NE/CP-57949, ANL/NE/CP-58996
• Affiliations
  • ANL Divisions: NE
• Keynumbers
  • ANL Publications #: 57949, 58996
• Misc: Used as the source for the magazine article #Covert Plant Detection

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Remote detection of chemicals with passive millimeter waves.

• Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
• Date Cleared: 2006-09-25, 2006-04-07 (abstract)
• Authors: Gopalsami, N.;Bakhtiari, S.;Elmer, T.;Raptis, A. C.
• Conference Sponsor: DOE
• Conference: SPIE Conference on Chemical and Biological Sensors for Industrial and Environmental Monitoring (program, abstracts)
• Location: Boston, MA
• Conference Date: 2006-10-03 - 2006-10-04
• Report No.: ANL/NE/CP-119279
• Affiliations
  • ANL Divisions: ET
• Keynumbers
  • ANL Publications #: 57409, 56082 (abstract)
  • Other ID #s: 119279
• Download
  • N. Gopalsami*, S. Bakhtiari, T. W. Elmer, and A. C. Raptis, "Remote Detection of Chemicals with Passive Millimeter Waves," Chemical and Biological Sensors for Industrial and Environmental Monitoring II, Steven D. Christesen, Arthur J. Sedlacek III, James B. Gillespie, Kenneth J. Ewing, Editors, PProc. of SPIE Vol. 6378, 63781A, (2006).
    
    Copyright 2009 Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
    
    10.1117/12.690212 (Purchase published version)
  • Download Article (Author version)
• Other Links
  • (ISBN 0-8194-6476-7)

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A computer-aided analysis tool for flaw sizing based on eddy current inspection data.

• Type: Full Length Other
• Date Cleared: 2005-07-07, 2005-04-01 (abstract)
• Authors: Bakhtiari, S.;Kupperman, D. S.;Elmer, T. W.
• Conference Sponsor: EPRI/NRC
• Conference: 24th Annual EPRI Steam Generator NDE Workshop
• Location: San Diego, CA
• Conference Date: 2005-07-11 - 2005-07-13
• Affiliations
  • ANL Divisions: ET
• Keynumbers
  • ANL Publications #: 53859, 53004 (abstract)
  • Other ID #s: 116561, 115802 (abstract)
• Abstract
  • Progress to date is reported on the development of a computer-aided data analysis tool for sizing of potential flaws in steam generator tubes based on eddy-current inspection data. This work was carried out at Argonne National Laboratory as part of the activities under the Iinternational Steam Generator Tube Integrity Program, which is sponsored by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. A MATLAB-based graphical user interface (GUI) and the associated software have been implemented for off-line manipulation of eddy-current inspection data collected with standard test instruments and acquisition software. Both one- and two-dimensional data may be analyzed once they are converted into proper format. Data segments can be superimposed for simulating first-order interaction of signals with nearby artifacts and noise. Various routines developed earlier at Argonne for the processing of rotating pancake coil data have been incorporated into the software. Additional routines have also been developed to allow processing of data from other probes that are used for field inspections. The initial focus of this work is on automatic sizing of flaws using +Point™ data. The ultimate goal is to be able to compare the estimates of flaw size based on data from different probes. The GUI provides a convenient tool for the evaluation of user-developed algorithms. New scripts can be linked and executed using the interface dialogue box. The results may be examined at any stage of the process by using the available measurement and visualization options.
• Download
  • view presentation

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Microwave dielectric spectroscopy of gases.

• Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
• Date Cleared: 2000-06-28
• Authors: Elmer, T. W.;Gopalsami, N.
• Conference Sponsor: Mid-American Chinese American Professionals Association;FNAL;Motorola Inc.;DePaul Univ.;Lucent Tech.
• Conference: 16th International Conference on Advanced Science and Technology 2000 (ICAST 2000) (program)
• Location: Batavia, IL
• Conference Date: 2000-06-03
• Proceedings Title: Proc.
• Proceedings Citation: edited by J.-C. Chern,pp. 55-58
• Proceedings Date: 2000
• Report No.: ANL/ET/CP-102208
• Affiliations
  • ANL Divisions: ET
• Keynumbers
  • ANL Publications #: 36438
  • Other ID #s: 102208, P45289
• Citations:
  • "Radiofrequency Sensor Network for Monitoring Containment Integrity". Gopalsami, N; Woodford, John. 2001 International Containment & Remediation Technology Conference and Exhibition.

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Analysis of Cerrobend Activation Produced by a 250-MeV Medical Proton Accelerator

• Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
• Date: 1997
• Authors: I. Rouse, M. Martz, C. Glisson, J. Siebers, T. Elmer, II
• Conference: 30th Midyear Meeting: "Health Physics of Radiation-Generating Machines"
• Sponsor: Health Physics Society
• Location: San Jose, CA

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Other Conference Proceedings

• Bakhtiari, S.; Elmer, T. W.; “Evaluations on the Effect of Eddy Current Probe Wear on Flaw Sizing.” 36th EPRI Steam Generator Nondestructive Evaluation and Tube Integrity Workshop. Milwaukee, WI. Jul. 16, 2018 - Jul. 18, 2018
• Bakhtiari, S.; Gonnot, T.; Elmer, T.; Chien, H-T.; Engel, D.; Koehl, E.; Heifetz, A.; "Evaluation of microwave cavity gas sensor for in-vessel monitoring of dry cask storage systems." In AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 1949, no. 1, p. 110004. AIP Publishing, 2018. DOI: 10.1063/1.5031583
• Chien, Hual-Te; Elmer, T.; Engel, D.M.; Lawrence, W.P.; "Development and Demonstration of Ultrasonic Under-Sodium Viewing System for SFRs." In International Conference on Fast Reactors and Related Fuel Cycles: Next Generation Nuclear Systems for Sustainable Development, Yekaterin-burg, Russia. 2017. download
• Bakhtiari, S.; Elmer, T. W.; Zeng, Z.; Majumdar, S.; “Assessment of correlations between NDE parameters and tube structural integrity for PWSCC at Ubends.” 35th Annual EPRI Steam Generator Nondestructive Evaluation and Tube Integrity Workshop. Clearwater Beach, FL. Jul. 18, 2016 - Jul. 20, 2016
• Bakhtiari, S.; Elmer, T. W.; “Exploratory Studies on Alternative Crack Sizing Methods Using Eddy Current Rotating Probes.” 34th Annual EPRI Steam Generator Nondestructive Evaluation and Tube Integrity Workshop. Portland, OR. Jul. 20, 2015 - Jul. 22, 2015
• Bakhtiari, S.; Elmer, T. W.; Bahn, C. B.; “Background Suppression for Improving ECT Detection of Cracking in Conjunction with Volumetric Flaws.” 33rd Annual EPRI Steam Generator Nondestructive Evaluation and Tube Integrity Workshop. Nashville, TN. Jul. 21, 2014 - Jul. 23, 2014
• Bakhtiari, S. ; Bahn, C. B.; Elmer, T. W.; “Detection of Cracking in Conjunction with Volumetric Flaws by Eddy Current Examination.” 32nd Annual EPRI Steam Generator Nondestructive Evaluation and Tube Integrity Workshop. Park City, UT. Jul. 29, 2013 - Jul. 31, 2013
• Bakhtiari, S.; Bahn, C. B.; Elmer, T. W.; “Inspection reliability assessments associated with steam generator tube u-bend degradations.” EPRI 31st Steam Generator NDE Workshop. Bretton Woods, NH. Jul. 09, 2012 - Jul. 11, 2012
• Bakhtiari, S.; Elmer, T. W.; Shack, W. J. “Application of computerized data screening to automated analysis of bobbin probe inspection data from SG mock-up.” EPRI 29th Steam Generator NDE Workshop. Vail, Colorado. Jul. 12, 2010 - Jul. 14, 2010
• Bakhtiari, S.; Elmer, T. W. “Development of flaw sizing algorithms for eddy current rotating probes.” EPRI 27th Steam Generator NDE Workshop. Palm Desert, CA. Jul. 21, 2008 - Jul. 23, 2008
• Bakhtiari, S.; Kupperman, D. S.; Elmer, T. W. “A computer-aided analysis tool for flaw sizing based on eddy current inspection data.” 24th Annual EPRI Steam Generator NDE Workshop. San Diego, CA. Jul. 11, 2005 - Jul. 13, 2005.

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Other

Millimeter Wave Remote Sensing of Nuclear Signatures

• Type: Conf. Presentation
• Date Cleared: 2013-08-02 (Abstract)
• Authors: N. Gopalsami, S. Liao, T. W. Elmer, E. R. Koehl, S. Bakhtiari, and A. C. Raptis
• Conference: PITTCON Conference 2014
• Location: McCormick Place, Chicago, IL
• Conference Date: 2014-03-02 - 2014-03-06

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Compressive Blind Image Deconvolution

Our data presented in their paper, using their reconstruction algorithms. Credits: Amizic, et al

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: Amizic, Bruno; Spinoulas, Leonidas; Molina, Rafael; and Katsaggelos, Aggelos K.
  • I am acknowledged in the paper. I provided them with our data collected on our passive mm-wave system.
• Published In: IEEE Trans. on Image Processing.
  • Vol. 22, Issue 10, pp. 3994-4006
  • Issue Date: Oct. 2013
  • DOI: 10.1109/TIP.2013.2266100

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Covert Plant Detection

Article in Nuclear Engineering International

• Type: Magazine Article
• Magazine: Nuclear Engineering International
• Issue: November 2007
• Pages: 18-19
• Based on: #A millimeter-wave radiometer for terrestrial remote sensing of chemical plumes.

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Millimeter-wave radar sensing of airborne chemicals.

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: Gopalsami, N.;Raptis, A. C.
  • (T Elmer III [sic] is listed in the Acknowledgment section, since I created the plots for the paper.)
• Submitted To: IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.
• Published In: IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.
  • Volume: 49
  • Issue: 4
  • Pages: 646-53
  • Issue Date: Apr. 2001
  • DOI: 10.1109/22.915438
• Affiliations
  • ANL Divisions: ET
• Keynumbers
  • ANL Publications #: 33492
  • Other ID #s: 099679, P45245

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Other Media

• PMMWS media page
  • Contains other media, such as our CNN and radio interviews, Newspaper article, etc.

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Pending

Inspection Reliability Assessments Associated with Steam Generator Tube U-bend Degradations

• Type: Conference Abstract
• EPRI 31st Annual Steam Generator Nondestructive Evaluation Workshop, July 9–11, 2012, Bretton Woods, New Hampshire

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Remote sensing of heart rate using millimeter-wave interferometry and probabilistic interpolation

• Type: Full Length Journal Article
• Authors: Ilya V. Mikhelson, Sasan Bakhtiari, Thomas W. Elmer, Shaolin Liao, Alan V. Sahakian
• SPIE Journal of Biomedical Optics

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Rejected

Millimeter-Wave Imaging, Spectroscopy, and Refletometry for Remote Measurement of Nuclear Facility Signatures

• Type: Journal article
• Authors: Nachappa Gopalsami*, Sasan Bakhtiari, Shaolin Liao, Thomas Elmer, Hual-Te Chien, Apostolos Raptis
• Submitted To: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation & Measurement
• Reason for rejection: "The Associate Editor appreciated the attention to an important topic, but raised substantial concerns about the paper and the fact that, being a review paper, it is better suited for a different kind of journal. Based on this, we will not be able to accept this manuscript for publication and we invite you to redirect it to another journal, as suggested by the Associate Editor."

Millimeter-wave I-Q sensor for biometrics applications

• Type: Full Length Conference Paper
• Authors: S. Liao*, S. Bakhtiari, T. Elmer, and A. C. Raptis
• Submitted To: Biometric Technology for Human Identification IX conference
• Reason for rejection: Confusion over deadline dates between a specific section and the entire conference led to only an abstract being submitted when the section required a full paper by a certain deadline as well.

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To Do

• Need to add:
  • Add a 'missing' page