Publications

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The following is a list of publications by Thomas W Elmer II, in reverse order by date.

Contents

Papers

Compressive sampling in passive millimeter wave imaging

Compressively sampled image of a circle with a bar across it. (Inset: Simulation)
  • Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
  • Date Cleared: 11/10/2010
  • Authors: N. Gopalsami, T. Elmer, S. Liao, R. Ahern, A. Heifetz, A. C. Raptis, M. Luessi and A. Katsaggelos
  • Conference: SPIE Defense, Security, and Sensing 2011, Conference DS202: Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging Technology XIV
  • Location: Orlando World Center Marriott Resort & Convention Center, Orlando, Florida, USA.
  • Conference Date: 2011 Apr 25-29
  • Affiliations
    • ANL Divisions: NE
    • Non-ANL Affil.: Northwestern Univ.
  • Keynumbers
    • ANL Publications #: 68401
  • Abstract:
    • We present a Hadamard transform based imaging technique and have implemented it on a single-pixel passive millimeter-wave imager in the 146-154 GHz range. The imaging arrangement uses a set of Hadamard transform masks of size p × q at the image plane of a lens and the transformed image signals are focused and collected by a horn antenna of the imager. The cyclic nature of Hadamard matrix allows the use of a single extended 2-D Hadamard mask of size (2p-1) × (2q-1) to expose a p × q submask for each acquisition by raster scanning the large mask one pixel at a time. A total of N = pq acquisitions can be made with a complete scan. The original p × q image may be reconstructed by a simple matrix operation. Instead of full N acquisitions, we can use a subset of the masks for compressive sensing. In this regard, we have developed a relaxation technique that recovers the full Hadamard measurement space from sub-sampled Hadamard acquisitions. We have reconstructed high fidelity images with 1/9 of the full Hadamard acquisitions, thus reducing the image acquisition time by a factor of 9.
  • Download:
    • N. Gopalsami, T. W. Elmer, S. Liao, R. Ahern, A. Heifetz, A. C. Raptis, M. Luessi, D. Babacan and A. K. Katsaggelos, "Compressive sampling in passive millimeter-wave imaging", Proc. SPIE 8022, 80220I (2011); 10.1117/12.886998. (Purchase published version)

      Copyright 2011 Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.
    • Download Article (Author version)

Microwave Remote Sensing of Ionized Air

Measured RCS per square meter in the Ka-band (26.5–40 GHz) for three cycles when the NIG is on and off. Credits: S. Liao
  • Type: Full Length Journal Article
  • Authors: S. Liao*, N. Gopalsami, A. Heifetz, T. Elmer, P. Fiflis, E. R. Koehl, H. T. Chien, and A. C. Raptis
  • Published In: IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters
  • Abstract:
    • We present observations of microwave scattering from ambient room air ionized with a negative ion generator. The frequency dependence of the radar cross section of ionized air was measured from 26.5 to 40 GHz (Ka-band) in a bistatic mode with an Agilent PNA-X series (model N5245A) vector network analyzer. A detailed calibration scheme is provided to minimize the effect of the stray background field and system frequency response on the target reflection. The feasibility of detecting the microwave reflection from ionized air portends many potential applications such as remote sensing of atmospheric ionization and remote detection of radioactive ionization of air.
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    • © 2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
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A Real-time Heart Rate Analysis for a Remote Millimeter Wave I-Q Sensor

Detection of heartbeats. Credits: S. Liao
  • Type: Full Length Journal Article
  • Authors: Bakhtiari, S.; Liao, S.; Elmer II, T.; “Sami” Gopalsami , N.; Raptis, A. C.;
  • Published In: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
  • Abstract:
    • This article analyzes Heart Rate (HR) information from physiological tracings collected with a remote millimeter wave (mmW) I-Q sensor for biometric monitoring applications. A parameter optimization method based on the nonlinear Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) algorithm is used. The mmW sensor works at 94 GHz and can detect the vital signs of a human subject from a few to tens of meters away. The reflected mmW signal is typically affected by respiration, body movement, background noise and electronic system noise. Processing of the mmW radar signal is thus necessary to obtain the true HR. The down-converted received signal in this case consists of both the real part (I-branch) and the imaginary part (Q-branch), which can be considered as the cosine and sine of the received phase of HR signal. Instead of fitting the converted phase angle signal, the method directly fits the real and imaginary parts of the HR signal, which circumvents the need for phase unwrapping. This is particularly useful when the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low. Also the method identifies both beat-to-beat HR and individual heartbeat magnitude, which is valuable for some medical diagnosis applications. The mean HR here is compared to that obtained using the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT).
  • Download:
    • © 2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
    • download article

Remote Sensing of Heart Rate and Patterns of Respiration Using 94 GHz Millimeter Wave Interferometry

  • Type: Full Length Journal Article
  • Authors: Mikhelson, I. V.;Bakhtiari, S.;Elmer, II, T. W.;Sahakian, A. V.
  • Submitted To: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
  • Published In: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
  • Abstract
    • Using continuous wave, 94 GHz millimeter-wave interferometry, a signal representing chest wall motion can be obtained that contains both the heart rate and respiration patterns of a human subject. These components have to be separated from each other in the received signal. Our method was to use the quadrature and in-phase components of the signal, after removing the mean of each, to find the phase, unwrap it, and convert it to a displacement measurement. Using this, the power spectrum was examined for peaks, which corresponded to the heart rate and respiration rate. The displacement waveform of the chest was also analyzed for discrete heartbeats using a novel wavelet decomposition technique.
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    • © 2011 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works
    • download article

Visual Measurement of Suture Strain for Robotic Surgery

Steps in the marker detection process
  • Type: Full Length Journal Article
  • Authors: John Martell, Thomas Elmer, Nachappa Gopalsami, and Young Soo Park
  • Published in: Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine (formerly Journal of Theoretical Medicine)
  • Abstract:
    • Minimally invasive surgical procedures offer advantages of smaller incisions, decreased hospital length of stay, and rapid postoperative recovery to the patient. Surgical robots improve access and visualization intraoperatively and have expanded the indications for minimally invasive procedures. A limitation of the DaVinci surgical robot is a lack of sensory feedback to the operative surgeon. Experienced robotic surgeons use visual interpretation of tissue and suture deformation as a surrogate for tactile feedback. A difficulty encountered during robotic surgery is maintaining adequate suture tension while tying knots or following a running anastomotic suture. Displaying suture strain in real time has potential to decrease the learning curve and improve the performance and safety of robotic surgical procedures. Conventional strain measurement methods involve installation of complex sensors on the robotic instruments. This paper presents a noninvasive video processing-based method to determine strain in surgical sutures. The method accurately calculates strain in suture by processing video from the existing surgical camera, making implementation uncomplicated. The video analysis method was developed and validated using video of suture strain standards on a servohydraulic testing system. The video-based suture strain algorithm is shown capable of measuring suture strains of 0.2% with subpixel resolution and proven reliability under various conditions.
  • Download:
    • John Martell, Thomas Elmer, Nachappa Gopalsami, and Young Soo Park, “Visual Measurement of Suture Strain for Robotic Surgery,” Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine, vol. 2011, Article ID 879086, 9 pages, 2011. doi:10.1155/2011/879086

      Copyright © 2011 John Martell et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution Licence, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Passive millimeter wave imaging and spectroscopy system for terrestrial remote sensing.

Passive mm wave image of a pair of scissors
  • Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
  • Date Cleared: 03/04/2010
  • Authors: Gopalsami, N. Liao, S. Elmer, T. W. Koehl, E. R. Heifetz, A. Chien, H. T. Raptis, A. C.
  • Conference: SPIE Defense, Security and Sensing 2010 (DSS 2010)
  • Location: Orlando, FL
  • Conference Date: Apr. 5-9, 2010
  • Report No.: ANL/NE/CP-66398
  • Affiliations
    • ANL Divisions: NE
  • Keynumbers
    • ANL Publications #: 66398
  • Abstract:
    • We have built a passive millimeter wave imaging and spectroscopy system with a 15-channel filter bank in the 146-154 GHz band for terrestrial remote sensing. We had built the spectroscopy system first and have now retrofitted an imaging element to it as a single pixel imager. The imaging element consisted of a 15-cm-diameter imaging lens fed to a corrugated scalar horn. Image acquisition is carried out by scanning the lens with a 2-axis translation stage. A LabVIEW-based software program integrates the imaging and spectroscopy systems with online display of spectroscopic information while the system scans each pixel position. The software also allows for integrating the image intensity of all 15 channels to increase the signal-to-noise ratio by a factor of ~4 relative to single channel image. The integrated imaging and spectroscopy system produces essentially 4-D data in which spatial data are along 2 dimensions, spectral data are in the 3rd dimension, and time is the 4th dimension. The system performance was tested by collecting imaging and spectral data with a 7.5-cm-diameter and 1m long gas cell in which test chemicals were introduced against a liquid nitrogen background.
  • Download:
    • Nachappa Gopalsami, Shaolin Liao, Eugene R. Koehl, Thomas W. Elmer, Alexander Heifetz, Hual-Te Chien, Apostolos C. Raptis, "Passive Millimeter Wave Imaging and Spectroscopy System for Terrestrial Remote Sensing," Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging Technology XIII, David A. Wikner, Arttu R. Luukanen, Editors, Proc. of SPIE Vol. 7670, 767003 (2010).

      Copyright 2009 Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.

      http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.850123 (Purchase published version)
    • Download Article (Author version)

Data Analysis Algorithms for Flaw Sizing Based on Eddy Current Rotating Probe Examination of Steam Generator Tubes.

Representative graphics
  • Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
  • Date Cleared: 10/14/2009, 06/18/2009 (abstract)
  • Authors: Bakhtiari, S.;Elmer, T. W.
  • Conference: 6th Canadian Nuclear Society International Steam Generator Conference (program)
  • Location: Toronto, Ontario, Canada
  • Conference Date: Nov. 8, 2009 - Nov. 11, 2009
    • Presented: Paper 5.13, Wed, Nov 11, 15:05
  • Report No.: ANL/NE/CP-65290
  • Affiliations
    • ANL Divisions: NE
  • Keynumbers
    • ANL Publications #: 65290, 64504 (abstract)
  • Download:

Millimeter wave sensor for far-field standoff vibrometry.

Vibrometer setup
  • Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
  • Date Cleared: 09/05/2008, 05/12/2008 (abstract)
  • Authors: Bakhtiari, S.;Gopalsami, N.;Elmer, T. W.;Raptis, A. C.
  • Conference: 35th Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (QNDE 2008)
  • Location: Chicago, IL
  • Conference Date: Jul. 20, 2008 - Jul. 25, 2008
  • Report No.: ANL/NE/CP-62458
  • Affiliations
    • ANL Divisions: NE
  • Keynumbers
    • ANL Publications #: 62458, 61637 (abstract)
    • Associated Project Reference #: 2007-113-R1, 03887-00 (abstract)
  • Download:

Surface Plasmon THz Resonators for Security Applications

Development of flaw sizing algorithms for eddy current rotating probes.

  • Type: Abstract Conf. Paper
  • Date Cleared: 04/22/2008
  • Authors: Bakhtiari, S.;Elmer, T. W.
  • Conference: EPRI 27th Steam Generator NDE Workshop
  • Location: Palm Desert, CA
  • Conference Date: Jul. 21, 2008 - Jul. 23, 2008
  • Affiliations
    • ANL Divisions: NE
  • Keynumbers
    • ANL Publications #: 61543

Application of millimeter-wave radiometry for remote chemical detection.

Passive millimeter wave sensor for remote chemical detection.

  • Type: Full Length Public Comm. (Award Entry)
  • Date Cleared: 03/13/2007
  • Authors: Gopalsami, N.;Bakhitari, S.;Raptis, A.;Elmer, T.
  • Submitted To: R&D Magazine (R&D100 Awards)
    • DVD to accompany entry
  • Affiliations
    • ANL Divisions: NE;OTT;TSD
  • Keynumbers
    • ANL Publications #: 58677

A millimeter-wave radiometer for terrestrial remote sensing of chemical plumes.

  • Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
  • Date Cleared: 11/30/2006, 04/12/2007
  • Authors: Bakhtiari, S.;Gopalsami, N.;Elmer, T.;Raptis, A. C.
  • Conference: 3rd International Conference on Electromagnetic Near-Field Characterization and Imaging (ICONIC 2007)
  • Location: St. Louis, MO
  • Conference Date: Jun. 27, 2007 - Jun. 29, 2007
  • Report No.: ANL/NE/CP-57949, ANL/NE/CP-58996
  • Affiliations
    • ANL Divisions: NE
  • Keynumbers
    • ANL Publications #: 57949, 58996
  • Misc: Used as the source for the magazine article #Covert Plant Detection

Remote detection of chemicals with passive millimeter waves.

  • Type: Full Length Conf. Paper
  • Date Cleared: 09/25/2006, 04/07/2006 (abstract)
  • Authors: Gopalsami, N.;Bakhtiari, S.;Elmer, T.;Raptis, A. C.
  • Conference Sponsor: DOE
  • Conference: SPIE Conference on Chemical and Biological Sensors for Industrial and Environmental Monitoring (program, abstracts)
  • Location: Boston, MA
  • Conference Date: Oct. 3, 2006 - Oct. 4, 2006
  • Report No.: ANL/NE/CP-119279
  • Affiliations
    • ANL Divisions: ET
  • Keynumbers
    • ANL Publications #: 57409, 56082 (abstract)
    • Other ID #s: 119279
  • Download
    • N. Gopalsami*, S. Bakhtiari, T. W. Elmer, and A. C. Raptis, "Remote Detection of Chemicals with Passive Millimeter Waves," Chemical and Biological Sensors for Industrial and Environmental Monitoring II, Steven D. Christesen, Arthur J. Sedlacek III, James B. Gillespie, Kenneth J. Ewing, Editors, PProc. of SPIE Vol. 6378, 63781A, (2006).

      Copyright 2009 Society of Photo Optical Instrumentation Engineers. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic electronic or print reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modification of the content of the paper are prohibited.

      http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.690212 (Purchase published version)
    • Download Article (Author version)
  • Other Links
    • (ISBN 0-8194-6476-7)

A computer-aided analysis tool for flaw sizing based on eddy current inspection data.

  • Type: Full Length Other
  • Date Cleared: 07/07/2005, 04/01/2005 (abstract)
  • Authors: Bakhtiari, S.;Kupperman, D. S.;Elmer, T. W.
  • Conference Sponsor: EPRI/NRC
  • Conference: 24th Annual EPRI Steam Generator NDE Workshop
  • Location: San Diego, CA
  • Conference Date: Jul. 11, 2005 - Jul. 13, 2005
  • Affiliations
    • ANL Divisions: ET
  • Keynumbers
    • ANL Publications #: 53859, 53004 (abstract)
    • Other ID #s: 116561, 115802 (abstract)
  • Abstract
    • Progress to date is reported on the development of a computer-aided data analysis tool for sizing of potential flaws in steam generator tubes based on eddy-current inspection data. This work was carried out at Argonne National Laboratory as part of the activities under the Iinternational Steam Generator Tube Integrity Program, which is sponsored by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission. A MATLAB-based graphical user interface (GUI) and the associated software have been implemented for off-line manipulation of eddy-current inspection data collected with standard test instruments and acquisition software. Both one- and two-dimensional data may be analyzed once they are converted into proper format. Data segments can be superimposed for simulating first-order interaction of signals with nearby artifacts and noise. Various routines developed earlier at Argonne for the processing of rotating pancake coil data have been incorporated into the software. Additional routines have also been developed to allow processing of data from other probes that are used for field inspections. The initial focus of this work is on automatic sizing of flaws using +Point™ data. The ultimate goal is to be able to compare the estimates of flaw size based on data from different probes. The GUI provides a convenient tool for the evaluation of user-developed algorithms. New scripts can be linked and executed using the interface dialogue box. The results may be examined at any stage of the process by using the available measurement and visualization options.

Microwave dielectric spectroscopy of gases.

Analysis of Cerrobend Activation Produced by a 250-MeV Medical Proton Accelerator

Other

Application of computerized data screening to automated analysis of bobbin probe inspection data from SG mock-up.

  • Type: Conf. Presentation
  • Date Cleared: 04/19/2010 (Abstract)
  • Authors: Bakhtiari, S. Elmer, T. W. Shack, W. J.
  • Conference: EPRI 29th Annual Steam Generator Workshop
  • Location: Vail, CO
  • Conference Date: Jul. 12, 2010 - Jul. 13, 2010
  • Affiliations
    • ANL Divisions: NE
  • Keynumbers
    • ANL Publications #: 66605

Covert Plant Detection

Article in Nuclear Engineering International

Millimeter-wave radar sensing of airborne chemicals.

  • Type: Full Length Journal Article
  • Date Cleared: 07/30/2099
  • Authors: Gopalsami, N.;Raptis, A. C.
    • (T Elmer III [sic] is listed in the Acknowledgment section, since I created the plots for the paper.)
  • Submitted To: IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.
  • Published In: IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech.
    • Volume: 49
    • Issue: 4
    • Pages: 646-53
    • Issue Date: Apr. 2001
    • DOI: 10.1109/22.915438
  • Affiliations
    • ANL Divisions: ET
  • Keynumbers
    • ANL Publications #: 33492
    • Other ID #s: 099679, P45245

Citations

Pending

Compact Millimeter Wave Sensor for Remote Monitoring of Vital Signs

  • Type: Full Length Journal Article
  • Authors: Sasan Bakhtiari*, Thomas W. Elmer, Nicholas M. Cox, Nachappa Gopalsami, Appostolos C. Raptis, Shaolin Liao, Ilya Mikhelson, and Alan V. Sahakian
  • Submitted To: IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement
  • Status: submitted

Non-Contact Millimeter-Wave Real-Time Detection and Tracking of Heart Rate with a Non-Stationary Subject

  • Type: Full Length Journal Article
  • Authors: Ilya V. Mikhelson, Philip Lee, Sasan Bakhtiari, Thomas W. Elmer II, Aggelos K. Katsaggelos, and Alan V. Sahakian*
  • (To be) Submitted To: IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
  • Status: submitted

Development of Ultrasonic Waveguide Techniques for Under-Sodium Viewing

  • Type: Full Length Journal Article
  • Authors: Ke Wang, Hual-Te Chien, Thomas W. Elmer, William P. Pawrence, David M. Engel, and Shuh-Haw Sheen
  • Prepared for: IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control
  • Status: Submitted 2011.02.14

Compressive Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging

  • Type: Full Length Conference Paper
  • Authors: Sevket Derin Babacan, Martin Luessi, Leonidas Spinoulas, Aggelos K. Katsaggelos, Nachappa Gopalsami, Thomas Elmer, Ryan Ahern, Shaolin Liao, Apostolos Raptis
  • Prepared for: 2011 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP)
  • Status: Accepted as poster
  • Abstract:
    • In this paper, we present a new passive millimeter-wave (PMMW) imaging system designed using compressive sensing principles. We employ randomly encoded masks at the focal plane of the PMMW imager to acquire incoherent measurements of the imaged scene. We develop a Bayesian reconstruction algorithm to estimate the original image from these measurements, where the sparsity inherent to typical PMMW images is efficiently exploited. Comparisons with other existing reconstruction methods show that the proposed reconstruction algorithm provides higher quality image estimates. Finally, we demonstrate with simulations using real PMMW images that the imaging duration can be dramatically reduced by acquiring only a few measurements compared to the size of the image.

Standoff Through-the-Wall Sensing at Ka Band

  • Type: Full Length Journal Article
  • Authors: S. Liao*, T. Elmer, S. Bakhtiari, N. Gopalsami, N. Cox, J. Wiencek, and A. C. Raptis
  • Submitted To: Journal of Materials Evaluation
  • Status: submitted
  • Abstract
    • Conventional microwave remote sensing/imaging of through-the-wall objects made of different materials is usually performed at frequencies below 3 GHz that provide relatively low spatial resolution. In this paper, we evaluate the ability and sensitivity of high-frequency microwave or millimeter wave standoff sensing of through-the-wall objects to achieve high spatial resolution. The target under study is a sandwich structure consisting of different object materials placed between two wall blocks. An Agilent® PNA-X series (model N5245A) vector network analyzer is used to sweep over the entire Ka-band (26.5 GHz to 40 GHz). The beam is then directed to a standard rectangular horn antenna and collimated by a 6-inch-diameter Gaussian lens towards the sandwich structure (wall block/object/wall block). The reflected electromagnetic wave is picked up by the same system as the complex S-parameter S11. Both amplitude and phase of the reflected signal are used to recognize different materials sandwiched between the cement blocks. The experimental results are compared with the theoretical calculations, which show satisfactory agreement for the cases evaluated in this work.

Compressive sampling in active and passive millimeter-wave imaging

  • Type: Full Length Conference Paper
  • Authors: S. Liao, T. Elmer, N. Gopalsami, A. Heifetz, and A. C. Raptis
  • Submitted To: International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and THz waves, IRMMW-THz 2011, Houston, TX, October 2-7, 2011.
  • Status: abstract submitted, paper under preparation
  • Abstract
    • We have developed an efficient compressive sampling (CS) scheme for fast, high-fidelity millimeter wave (MMW) imaging. It is based on the use of Hadamard transform masks coupled to a single-pixel MMW imager. We have implemented it in both active and passive imaging modes. The active MMW imager works at 94 GHz and the passive mmW system is a Dicke-switched 16-channel radiometer from 146 GHz to 154 GHz with 500 MHz bandwidth per channel. In our CS implementation, we used an extended, twin-prime based, cyclic Hadamard mask made of chrome coating on a quartz plate. Hadamard data may be acquired by scanning with a 2-axis translation stage by two ways: progressive scanning or random scanning. Image reconstruction from a full set of Hadamard samples is a straightforward S matrix operation. To reconstruct from a subset of Hadamard acquisitions, we have devised a relaxation method that iteratively fills up the Hadamard space and then uses the regular S matrix operation for image reconstruction. We have reconstructed high fidelity images with only 1/9 of the full set of Hadamard acquisitions in both active and passive modes. The efficacy of compressive sampling is evaluated and compared for the active and passive cases from the standpoint of signal to noise ratio, normalized mean squared error, and percent of full samples.

Other Media

  • PMMWS media page
    • Contains other media, such as our CNN and radio interviews, Newspaper article, etc.

To Do

Need to add:

  • Add the Pipeline Gas Leak presentation / citations
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